What changes have been introduced in Globasa since its publication in July, 2019?
Phase 1
Grammar
Adj/adv words modifying other adj/adv words: adj/adv —> adj/adv + -li
Rationale
Using adj/adv words to modifying other adj/adv words creates ambiguity:
dayo bale uma - big strong horse or greatly (very) strong horse
Example
perfeto, syahe tofa - perfect, black hair
perfetoli syahe tofa - perfectly black hair
very: dayo —> dayli —> mul —> dayoli or dayli
Rationale
This change conforms with the adverbial use of -li described above.
as… as…: egal… kupul… —> denli… kuli…
Rationale
This change conforms with the adverbial use of -li described above.
there is/are: is —> hay
Rationale
The use of is for there is/are seems confusing, and gives is too many meanings. The introduction of the root word hay adds clarity.
passive voice: be- —> (optionally) be or be-
Rationale
Separating the particle be- makes it easier to identify it. The prefix be- is still optional with verbs, but obligatory with noun and adjective compounds: belubiyen (loved one).
However, be- as a prefix might ultimately be easier to process, so this experimental change may be switched back to the original be- in all cases.
fe: optional fe in many instances —> optional fe limited to correlatives, sentence initial expressions with -ya nouns, and certain common time phrases (ledyen, etc.)
Rationale
Having too many different instances where fe is optional may become confusing and difficult to determine when fe must be applied and when it’s optional.
infinitive: optional na —> obligatory na
Rationale
Optional na creates an unacceptable ambiguity.
Optional:
Mi suki oko - I like the eye. vs I like to see.
Obligatory:
Mi suki oko - I like the eye.
Mi suki na oko - I like to see.
any/ever: he —> he-
Rationale
The separate word he creates some three-word correlatives which seem too disjointed:
he ban loka - anywhere vs. the updated heban loka - anywhere
other: alter —> alo
Rationale
Better consistency in the form of correlatives (see next point).
Addition of sama- as correlative
Rationale
Sama as the opposite of alo, for symmetry in the correlatives.
-ible, -able: be-X-bil —> be-X-bil or short form -bel
Rationale
The affix structure be-X-bil is a bit long and cumbersome for being so common.
Example
invisible: nobeokobil (invisible) —> nookobel
Root Words
Phonology
Globasa updated its phonology in September, 2019 in order to introduce more recognizability to international words without making the phonology much more complicated.
The consonant -h is no longer allowed in word final position. The consonants allowed in word-final position are now the following nine: -f, -l, -m, -n, -r, -s, -w-, -x, -y.
Within a word, any and all single consonants are now allowed. The following root words have been adjusted as a result:
morning: sobah —> soba
fox: rubah —> ruba —> rubahe
advice: nasih —> nasiha
rest: istirah —> istraha —> rahatu
black: syah —> syahe
cough: koh(hoh) —> kof(kof)
magnet: mahneto —> magneto
technology: tehno —> tekno
sex: sexo —> sekso
word: lexi —> leksiko —> leksi
galaxy: galaxi —> galaksi
select, choose: seleci —> seleksi —> seleti
instructions: istruci —> istruksi —> istruksyon
action: aci —> aksyon
function, work: funci —> funsyon
Double Vowels Discarded: Double vowels were also discarded in the phonology.
achoo: acuu —> acu
wolf: auu —> ?
Avoiding artificial compromises: The following words were adjusted in order to avoid a compromise between languages that is too artificial.
tree: dreho —> drevo
Arabic final vowel -u
dear: azize —> azizu
lesson: darse —> darsu
house: bayte —> baytu
obedience: etate —> etatu
romantic love: exke —> exku
drown: garka —> garaku
hour: sate —> satu
fall: sokute —> sokutu
thing: xeye —> xeyu
Avoiding conflict: The following words were adjusted to avoid a conflict with another root word or phrase
gram: gram —> gramo
enough, sufficient: kafi —> kufi
room: kamer —> kamar —> kamera
rabbit/hare: hargox —> kargux
long: longo —> lungo
machine: maxin —> maxina
replacement, substitution: daytay —> tayday
Increasing recognizability
theater: teatra —> teatro
young: june —> juni
virus: viru —> virus
crisis: krisi —> krisis
basket: baske —> baskete
ticket: tike —> tikete
enjoyment, pleasure: furha —> furaha
date: tarhe —> tarihe
fantasy: fantas —> fantasi
window: janel —> janela
Clipped Roots
reputation: reputasyon —> reputa
recommend: rekomenda —> rekomen
Greater ease in pronounciation
culture: kultur —> kultura (kulturali)
nature: natur —> natura (naturali)
long/short —> short
car: (awto)mobil —> mobil
bus: (awto)bus —> bus
Correction
hard, rigid, stiff: xahte —> sakate
Different Root Word
color: rangi —> kolor (-lor)
situation —> halular (halu - circumstance)
gray: gris —> hwese
coast: sahil —> kosta
search, look for: xunjaw —> xerca
accept: aceta —> swikara
interpret: interpreta —> tafasir
Greater Mandarin representation in the UDHR
The following words were not in the original dictionary but were added in the process of translating the UDHR. The root words were changed according to the new Methodology for Word Selection for greater international balance by giving Mandarin a greater representation.
commerce: komerci —> xangyo
widow: vidwe —> gwafu
vote: voto —> tupyo
compensation/compensate: kompensa —> bocan
Dropped root word in favor of affixed word
street, road: kuca —> dolo
highway, freeway: dolo —> daydolo
Dropped affixed word in favor of root word
school: xwexidom, alimdom —> eskol
Narrowing down meaning with addition of root word
know: jixi —> jixi, kone
Addition of vowels or elimination of codas
abyas --> abyasa (rehearse, practice)
amir --> amiru (command)
amus --> amusa (amuse)
anxos --> ansyoso (anxious)
bahar --> bahari (sea)
banan --> banana (banana)
bander --> bandera (flag)
botel --> botela (bottle)
brun --> bruno (brown)
byer --> bira (beer)
darje --> daraje (degree)
deklar --> deklara (declare, declaration)
din --> dini (religion)
disen --> diseno (design)
dyen --> dina (day)
ekonom --> ekonomi (economy)
enfas --> enfasi (emphasis)
eskas --> eskaso (scarce, scarcely, barely)
esker --> esketi (skirt)
especif --> especifi (especific)
estar --> estare (star)
estil --> estilo (style)
estrober --> estroberi (strawberry)
exklus --> exklusi (exclude)
figur --> figura (form, figure)
flex --> fleksi (bend)
garbi --> garabi (west)
haruf --> harufi (letter of alphabet)
hatar --> hatari (danger)
hazun --> hazuni (sad)
hikay --> hikaye (story)
hukim --> hukimu (judge, judgment)
inklus --> inklusi (include)
ix --> ixu (adult)
jabre --> jabare (jaw)
jayza --> jayeza (prize, reward)
jyani --> jeni (suggest)
kalam --> kalamu (pen)
kamar --> kamera (room)
kamis --> kamisa (shirt)
katin --> katina (difficult)
kijaw --> kijawi (green)
klas --> klase (class, category)
komentar --> komenta (comment)
kompar --> kompara (compare)
korban --> korbani (victim)
mader --> maderi (matter)
mahar --> mahara (skill)
makal --> makale (article in publication)
malki --> malaki (property)
masal --> masele (issue, matter, affair)
maxor --> maxori (most)
medis --> medici (medicate, medicine)
mekan --> mekani (mechanism)
minor --> minori (the minority of)
mixtur --> mixtura (mix)
mosim --> mosimu (season)
mwes --> mesi (month)
nervos --> nervoso (nervous)
nigal --> nigalu (swallow)
ofis --> ofisi (office)
ordinar --> ordinari (ordinary)
palas --> palasi (palace)
plas --> plasi (put, place)
poem --> poema (poem)
polis --> polisi (police)
precis --> preciso (precise, exact)
prefer --> preferi
produs --> produsi (produce)
proces --> proceso (process)
purpur --> purpuro (purple)
razon --> rasona (reason)
regul --> regula (rule)
reklam --> reklama (advertisement)
sebul --> cebula (onion)
sigar --> sigaro (cigar)
simul --> simula (simulate)
sukar --> sukeri (sugar)
swikar --> swikara (accept)
tahmin --> tahmini (evaluate)
talju --> taluji (snow)
umum --> umumi (general)
utar --> utara (north)
vyayam --> vyayama (exercise)
xekay --> xekaye (complain)
Numbers
doy --> dua
tin --> tiga
car --> care
lim --> lima
sis --> sisa
sef --> sabe
walo --> oco
naw --> nue
(Ordinal numbers with the suffix -yum.)
Greater Japanese Influence in East-Asian Words (simpler pronunciation).
celyan --> calyo (vehicle)
consan --> cosan (praise)
jifan --> cibo (fat)
jontay --> jotay (state, condition)
yanxin --> yoxin (conscience)
xanho --> sogo (reciprocal, each other)
xangyo --> xogyo (commerce)
Phase 2
Additions:
-
The preposition tas (to, for) as the indirect object marker; the preposition cel now used only to show movement
-
Adjective/adverb dacu (approximately, around, about); semantics of preposition wey narrowed down
-
Preposition cis (on this side of) as the opposite of tras
-
Prefix nen- (un-)
-
Preposition nenhar (without) replaced by wal
ji... ji... --> iji.... ji
or... or... --> oro... or
nor... nor... --> noro... nor
kam... kam... --> kama... kam
The preposition fe optional only in expressions of time
Semantic Adjustments:
Sentence initial expressions:
-
Elimination of fe _____-ya expressions in favor of simple adjective/adverbs (with obligatory pause after comma)
-
Elimination of to in certain expressions: unyum to --> unyum; xaja to --> xaja (with obligatory pause after comma)
Infinitive phrases used after prepositions
Adverbs of degree and manner: -li --> -mo
go --> go-
Free word order for hay sentences
The use of su as a genitive (possessive) particle for all nouns
The copula is only for linking subject with noun phrase, infinitive phrase or clause
Prepositional Verbs: Prepositions turned into verbs using -ya instead of using a copula
The word feya as an optional copula used for linking subject to prepositional phrase
Obligatory direct object marker el with relative pronouns
denmo... kumo... --> (denmo...) kumo...
denkwanti... kumo... --> (denkwanti...) kukwanti...
dennumer... kumo... --> (dennumer...) kunumer...
Omission of le and xa within clause rather than within sentence
abilli (possible/maybe) --> bilpul --> bilbil
maxbil (probable, probably) --> meypul --> meymey
maximbil (most likely) --> daymeypul --> daymeymey
rili (again) --> riri
Correlatives:
-
one-word correlatives - keloka, kewatu, etc.
-
ke vs ku- correlatives: ku- correlatives used in subordinate clauses; ke correlatives in all other cases
-
Elimination of -li correlatives
-
Elimination of short forms kwan (some quantity of) and mer (several, a few) in favor of bankwanti and bannumer.
-
he- --> he
Phase 3
Conflict with double letters:
-
lidi --> lide
-
iman --> imanu
Verb Transitivity: Adjusted from intransitive to transitive
harka, esto, atex, evolu (develop) rota, gulun
meymey --> daybilbil
daymeymey --> maxim daybilbil
yur- --> ami-
termo- --> termoli
garme --> termopul
bardi --> bardipul
-kras --> -krasi
krasi --> krasia
-graf --> -grafi
grafi --> grafia
fobi --> hawfu, -fobi/fobia
ologi --> logia